What are place prepositions?
Place prepositions , are prepositions that are used to describe the place or position of all types of nouns. It is common for the preposition to be placed before the noun. When we refer to Place prepositions we usually refer to "in", "at" and "on".
In - Is usually used to state that someone or something is in a (the boundaries can be physical or virtual place.
On - Is usually used to state someone or something is on top of a surface.
At - Is usually used to state something or someone is at a specific place.
How to use a prepositions?
1. The prepositions usually comes before the noun.
2. Prepositions can be used with all forms of nouns (e.g. collective nouns, pronouns etc).
3. Prepositions can't come after a verb, but can be used before a gerund or verb in noun form.
4. The rules above do not change and there are no exceptions to the rules.
We use :
* at for a PRECISE TIME
* in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
* on for DAYS and DATES
Prepositions of place are used to clarify a specific place. Place prepositions are used with all nouns. The preposition usually comes before the noun or the pronoun. The preposition never comes before a verb.
Common Place Prepositions:
aboard - She is aboard the boat.
above - The picture is above the sofa.
across - My house is across the street.
against - The desk is against the wall.
around - My house is around the block.
at - Is your house at the end of the street.
Time prepositions are used to define time. Prepositions usually come before a noun or pronoun. Prepositions never come after a verb.
* after - I will be there after work.
* around - We will be there around 3 PM
* before - I will be there before I go to school.
* between - I will be there
Use 'in' with spaces:
* in a room / in a building
* in a garden / in a park
Use 'in' with bodies of water:
* in the water
* in the sea
* in a river
Use 'in' with lines:
* in a row / in a line
* in a queue
Use 'at' with places:
* at the bus-stop
* at the door
* at the cinema
* at the end of the street
Use 'at' with places on a page:
* at the top of the page
* at the bottom of the page
Use 'at' in groups of people:
* at the back of the class
* at the front of the class
Use 'on' with surfaces:
* on the ceiling / on the wall / on the floor
* on the table
Use 'on' with small islands:
* I stayed on Maui.
Use 'on' with directions:
* on the left
* on the right
* straight on
IMPORTANT NOTES
In / at / on the corner
We say 'in the corner of a room', but 'at the corner (or 'on the corner') of a street'
In / at / on the front
* We say 'in the front / in the back' of a car
* We say 'at the front / at the back' of buildings / groups of people
* We say 'on the front / on the back' of a piece of paper
Rabu, 02 Mei 2012
Selasa, 01 Mei 2012
Asking if someone remember or not
Definition :
Asking if someone remember or not can be explained is as a situation when we ask to someone about something ( usually seriously ) that they remember or not remember about it.
Purpose :
Purpose of the topic is to remember someone about something that important.
Example :
1. Formal expression
v Example :
a. I wonder if you remember …
b. You remember … , don’t you ?
c. You haven’t forgotten …, have you ?
d. Don’t you remember … ?
e. Do you happen to remember it now ?
v Respond :
a. Let me think, Yes I remember.
b. I remember especially the scenery
c. I’ll never forget about that.
d. I’ll always remember.
e. I can remember it clearly.
2. Informal expression :
v Example :
a. Remember the old house we used to live in ?
b. Remember that ?
c. I’m sorry I don’t remember.
v Respond :
a. Hold on. Yes, got it !
b. I know …
c. It’s coming back to me now.
v Respond if forget :
a. Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten
b. I’m afraid I forget
c. I really can’t remember
d. I’m afraid I have no memory of him
e. Let me think. No, it’s gone
Example dialogue :
1. On Sunday Bagus up early, then she showered and wearing office clothes.
Irfan : Hey, Olvie. Where would you wear service dress ?
Bagus : I want to go to the office, why ?
Irfan : Did you forget? This is the day of the week!
Bagus : Oh my God! I forgot! Hahaha -,-
Asking if someone remember or not can be explained is as a situation when we ask to someone about something ( usually seriously ) that they remember or not remember about it.
Purpose :
Purpose of the topic is to remember someone about something that important.
Example :
1. Formal expression
v Example :
a. I wonder if you remember …
b. You remember … , don’t you ?
c. You haven’t forgotten …, have you ?
d. Don’t you remember … ?
e. Do you happen to remember it now ?
v Respond :
a. Let me think, Yes I remember.
b. I remember especially the scenery
c. I’ll never forget about that.
d. I’ll always remember.
e. I can remember it clearly.
2. Informal expression :
v Example :
a. Remember the old house we used to live in ?
b. Remember that ?
c. I’m sorry I don’t remember.
v Respond :
a. Hold on. Yes, got it !
b. I know …
c. It’s coming back to me now.
v Respond if forget :
a. Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten
b. I’m afraid I forget
c. I really can’t remember
d. I’m afraid I have no memory of him
e. Let me think. No, it’s gone
Example dialogue :
1. On Sunday Bagus up early, then she showered and wearing office clothes.
Irfan : Hey, Olvie. Where would you wear service dress ?
Bagus : I want to go to the office, why ?
Irfan : Did you forget? This is the day of the week!
Bagus : Oh my God! I forgot! Hahaha -,-
Offering Expression
Offering services used to offer services or assistance to others.
Offering to older people :
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Ardi?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Rio?
* Would you care some salad?
Offering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don’t you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?
Declining an offering :
* No, thanks.
* No, really won’t, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering :
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I’d like it very much
* That would be very nice
Offering to older people :
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Ardi?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Rio?
* Would you care some salad?
Offering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don’t you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?
Declining an offering :
* No, thanks.
* No, really won’t, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering :
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I’d like it very much
* That would be very nice
Simple Future Tense
Definition of simple future tense :
Simple future tense is a verb tense expressing future time.
When we use the Simple Future Tense ?
We use the Simple Future tense when we want to talk about future actions or happenings.
PATTERN :
*Going to
A. Verb
(+) S + To be + Going to + Verb I + O + Adverb
(-) S + To be + Not + Going to + Verb I + Adverb
(?) To be + S + Going to + Verb I + O + Adverb
Example :
(+) You are going to read news paper Tomorrow
(-) You are not going to read news paper Tomorrow
(?) Are you going to read news paper Tomorrow ?
Respond : Yes, I am
B. Non Verb
(+) S + To be + Going to + Be + Adjective
(-) S + To be + Not + Going to + Be + Adjective
(?) To be + S + Going to + Be + Adjective
Example :
(+) My father is going to be happy
(-) My father is not going to be happy
(?) Is my father going to be happy ?
Respond :
- Yes, He is
- No, He is not
*Will
(+) S + Will + Verb I + Adverb
(-) S + Will + Not + Verb I + Adverb
(?) Will + S + Verb I + Adverb ?
Example :
- They will visit Tokyo
- They will not visit Tokyo
- Will They visit Tokyo ?
Respond :
- Yes, I will
- No, I won’t
- Sure
- Of Course
- Yes
What is the difference between “will” dan “going to” ?
*We usually use going to when the situation is planned
*We usually use will + verb when the situation is unplanned or informal writing.
Note :
· “ TO BE” – PRESENT ( Is, Am, Are )
· Time signal : Later, Tomorrow, Next … ( Next week, Next month, Next year, Next century ), Next Time, etc.
Simple future tense is a verb tense expressing future time.
When we use the Simple Future Tense ?
We use the Simple Future tense when we want to talk about future actions or happenings.
PATTERN :
*Going to
A. Verb
(+) S + To be + Going to + Verb I + O + Adverb
(-) S + To be + Not + Going to + Verb I + Adverb
(?) To be + S + Going to + Verb I + O + Adverb
Example :
(+) You are going to read news paper Tomorrow
(-) You are not going to read news paper Tomorrow
(?) Are you going to read news paper Tomorrow ?
Respond : Yes, I am
B. Non Verb
(+) S + To be + Going to + Be + Adjective
(-) S + To be + Not + Going to + Be + Adjective
(?) To be + S + Going to + Be + Adjective
Example :
(+) My father is going to be happy
(-) My father is not going to be happy
(?) Is my father going to be happy ?
Respond :
- Yes, He is
- No, He is not
*Will
(+) S + Will + Verb I + Adverb
(-) S + Will + Not + Verb I + Adverb
(?) Will + S + Verb I + Adverb ?
Example :
- They will visit Tokyo
- They will not visit Tokyo
- Will They visit Tokyo ?
Respond :
- Yes, I will
- No, I won’t
- Sure
- Of Course
- Yes
What is the difference between “will” dan “going to” ?
*We usually use going to when the situation is planned
*We usually use will + verb when the situation is unplanned or informal writing.
Note :
· “ TO BE” – PRESENT ( Is, Am, Are )
· Time signal : Later, Tomorrow, Next … ( Next week, Next month, Next year, Next century ), Next Time, etc.
Asking for Information Using WH Questions
Asking Information There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English.
The use of WH-Questions :
What
When
Where
Why
Who
How
Combined with to be
What is ……. Your name?
When was ……. He born?
Where are ………. The tickets?
Why were …………. They here?
Who are ……….. Those people?
How is ……. Puput?
Combined with auxiliary verbs or Modals
What do …………
When did …………
Where shall ……..
Why does ……..
Who might ……
How could …….
etc
Asking for information:
I’d like to know about this movie
I’m interested in the characters
Could you tell me more about it?
Do you know the plot?
Could you find out the solution?
Could I ask about the conflict?
Do you happen to know the writer?
Etc.
Guessing:
I’d say … I know where to find the pen
It could be … somewhere in the canteen
Perhaps it’s … on the top of the shelf
I think it’s … not there anymore
It looks like … someone has taken the book
It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess …
It’s being borrowed by a student
Here are some of the most common:
· Could you tell me…?
· Do you know…?
· Do you happen to know…?
· I’d like to know…
· Could you find out…?
· I’m interested in…
· I’m looking for...
These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
· I’m calling to find out…
· I’m calling about…
Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English
1. What is this? This is a white board
2. What is that? That is a chair.
3. What’s this? It’s a pen.
4. What’s that? It’s an apple.
5. What are these? These are pencils.
6. What are those? Those are books.
7. Where is Mr. Andre? He is over there.
8. Where is Ms. Nadya? She’s (right) here.
9. Where’s Tyng? He’s in the restaurant.
10. When’s the movie? It’s at 9:00.
11. When’s lunch? Lunch is at noon.
12. How is the food? It’s delicious
The use of WH-Questions :
What
When
Where
Why
Who
How
Combined with to be
What is ……. Your name?
When was ……. He born?
Where are ………. The tickets?
Why were …………. They here?
Who are ……….. Those people?
How is ……. Puput?
Combined with auxiliary verbs or Modals
What do …………
When did …………
Where shall ……..
Why does ……..
Who might ……
How could …….
etc
Asking for information:
I’d like to know about this movie
I’m interested in the characters
Could you tell me more about it?
Do you know the plot?
Could you find out the solution?
Could I ask about the conflict?
Do you happen to know the writer?
Etc.
Guessing:
I’d say … I know where to find the pen
It could be … somewhere in the canteen
Perhaps it’s … on the top of the shelf
I think it’s … not there anymore
It looks like … someone has taken the book
It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess …
It’s being borrowed by a student
Here are some of the most common:
· Could you tell me…?
· Do you know…?
· Do you happen to know…?
· I’d like to know…
· Could you find out…?
· I’m interested in…
· I’m looking for...
These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
· I’m calling to find out…
· I’m calling about…
Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English
1. What is this? This is a white board
2. What is that? That is a chair.
3. What’s this? It’s a pen.
4. What’s that? It’s an apple.
5. What are these? These are pencils.
6. What are those? Those are books.
7. Where is Mr. Andre? He is over there.
8. Where is Ms. Nadya? She’s (right) here.
9. Where’s Tyng? He’s in the restaurant.
10. When’s the movie? It’s at 9:00.
11. When’s lunch? Lunch is at noon.
12. How is the food? It’s delicious
Modal in the Past Form
1. Could + Verb base
• To offer suggestions or possibilities
Example:
Jason : Oh, no! I left my shorts.
Nate : Don’t worry, Jason. You could borrow my shorts.
Mitchie : I’m having trouble with English.
Demi : Why don’t you ask Tess? Perhaps she could help you.
• To indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example:
Mitchie : Ras, can you climb the coconut tree?
Shane : Well… I could climb coconut tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.
Selena : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.
• To express polite requests
Example:
* Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
* Could you lend me your jacket now?
* Could you please close the door?
* Could you pass the salt?
2. Would + Verb base
• For an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example:
* When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
* On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.
• Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences
Example:
Troy : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Ryan : I would rather go to the party than stay home.
Gabriella : Which country would you rather visit?
Sharpay : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.
• To express polite requests
Example:
Nick : Would you mind cycling with me, Selena?
Selena : No, not at all. It would be nice.
Joey : Would you please pass the helmet, Mary?
Mary : No problem.
3. Should + Verb base
• To give definite advice (advisability)
Example:
Mom : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Mitchie : Joe : You should paint your door, Kevin. It looks terrible.
Kevin : Yes, I know I should.
• To express the subject’s obligation or duty:
Example:
* You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
* They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
* Application should be sent before March 25th.
4. Might + Verb base
• To tell possibilities
Example:
Nick : Where is Joe?
Kevin : He might be in the studio with Stella.
• To express polite requests
Example:
Demi : Might I borrow your coat?
Miley : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Hannah for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.
• To offer suggestions or possibilities
Example:
Jason : Oh, no! I left my shorts.
Nate : Don’t worry, Jason. You could borrow my shorts.
Mitchie : I’m having trouble with English.
Demi : Why don’t you ask Tess? Perhaps she could help you.
• To indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example:
Mitchie : Ras, can you climb the coconut tree?
Shane : Well… I could climb coconut tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.
Selena : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.
• To express polite requests
Example:
* Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
* Could you lend me your jacket now?
* Could you please close the door?
* Could you pass the salt?
2. Would + Verb base
• For an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example:
* When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
* On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.
• Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences
Example:
Troy : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Ryan : I would rather go to the party than stay home.
Gabriella : Which country would you rather visit?
Sharpay : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.
• To express polite requests
Example:
Nick : Would you mind cycling with me, Selena?
Selena : No, not at all. It would be nice.
Joey : Would you please pass the helmet, Mary?
Mary : No problem.
3. Should + Verb base
• To give definite advice (advisability)
Example:
Mom : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Mitchie : Joe : You should paint your door, Kevin. It looks terrible.
Kevin : Yes, I know I should.
• To express the subject’s obligation or duty:
Example:
* You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
* They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
* Application should be sent before March 25th.
4. Might + Verb base
• To tell possibilities
Example:
Nick : Where is Joe?
Kevin : He might be in the studio with Stella.
• To express polite requests
Example:
Demi : Might I borrow your coat?
Miley : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Hannah for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.
Finite and Non-Finite Verbs
The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or number. Non-finite verb forms have no person or number, but some types can show tense.
• Finite verb forms include: I go, she goes, he went
• Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand on their own as complete sentences.
Example of finite verb :
• I study, she cook, Anto went
• Sidy has eaten when Rini come in. By it self, the verb form eaten is called a non-finite verb. When the auxiliary has and the non-finite verb eaten are put together, they make up a finite verb form has eaten.
• Tamara was walking. Walking is non-finite and was is to be. When they are put together, they make up finite form was walking
Definition of non-finite verb :
a verb has no subject, tense, or number. The only finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle (present/past), nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal , an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival particle to.
Example of nonfinite verb
Verbs ending in -ing. These are called present participles, they were cooking in Sinta’s house.
This non-finite verb form end in -ed; many also end in en. These are called past participles. I have written my letter ( the past participle written is non-finite and can’t be the main verb).
Talking is the children’s favorite pastime. ( talking is a gerund, verb to be noun)
I can’t afford to go out tonight
The infinitive can have the following forms:
The perfect infinitive
to have + past participle
For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.
For example:
• If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
• Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
• I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
• He pretended to have seen the film.
• If I’d seen the ball I would have caught it.
• Finite verb forms include: I go, she goes, he went
• Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand on their own as complete sentences.
Example of finite verb :
• I study, she cook, Anto went
• Sidy has eaten when Rini come in. By it self, the verb form eaten is called a non-finite verb. When the auxiliary has and the non-finite verb eaten are put together, they make up a finite verb form has eaten.
• Tamara was walking. Walking is non-finite and was is to be. When they are put together, they make up finite form was walking
Definition of non-finite verb :
a verb has no subject, tense, or number. The only finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle (present/past), nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal , an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival particle to.
Example of nonfinite verb
Verbs ending in -ing. These are called present participles, they were cooking in Sinta’s house.
This non-finite verb form end in -ed; many also end in en. These are called past participles. I have written my letter ( the past participle written is non-finite and can’t be the main verb).
Talking is the children’s favorite pastime. ( talking is a gerund, verb to be noun)
I can’t afford to go out tonight
The infinitive can have the following forms:
The perfect infinitive
to have + past participle
For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.
For example:
• If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
• Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
• I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
• He pretended to have seen the film.
• If I’d seen the ball I would have caught it.
Direct and Indirect Speed
A. Direct Speech
Direct speech referd to reproducing another person’s exact words o saying exactly what someone had said (sometimes called quated speech)
Here what a person says appers within quatation marks (‘’…’’) and should be word for word.
B. Indirect Speech
Indirect speech resroducing the idea of anather person’s word doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word foe word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.
TENSE CHANGE
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because whwn we use reported speech, we are usually talking about atime in the past (because pbviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have ro be in the past too.
• Note : reporting verbs that are usually used ti report imperative sentence are : tell, other command, ask, warn, remind.
Present Simple
Past tense
Direct : Iis said ‘’ I eat fried chicken’’.
Indirect : Iis said that she ate fried chicken.
Past Simple
Past Perfect
Direct : Mother said ‘’ I want to market yesterday’’
Indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future Simple
Past Future
Direct : Andre said ‘’ I will buy a notebook next week’’.
Indirect : Andre said (that) she would buy a notebokk the week after.
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Direct : Nadya said ‘’ I’m playing badminton ‘’
Indirect : Nadya said she was plating badminton.
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Direct : She said ‘’ I was teaching earlier’’
Indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier.
ECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH A. Direct Speech Direct speech referd to reproducing another person’s exact words o saying exactly what someone had said (sometimes called quated speech) Here what a person says appers within quatation marks (‘’…’’) and should be word for word. B. Indirect Speech Indirect speech resroducing the idea of anather person’s word doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word foe word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech. TENSE CHANGE • When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because whwn we use reported speech, we are usually talking about atime in the past (because pbviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have ro be in the past too. • Note : reporting verbs that are usually used ti report imperative sentence are : tell, other command, ask, warn, remind. Present Simple Past tense Direct : Iis said ‘’ I eat fried chicken’’. Indirect : Iis said that she ate fried chicken. Past Simple Past Perfect Direct : Mother said ‘’ I want to market yesterday’’ Indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before. Future Simple Past Future Direct : Dheppy said ‘’ I will buy a notebook next week’’. Indirect : Dheppy said (that) she would buy a notebokk the week after. Present Continuous Past Continuous Direct : Sinta said ‘’ I’m playing badminton ‘’ Indirect : Sinta said she was plating badminton. Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Direct : She said ‘’ I was teaching earlier’’ Indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier.
Direct speech referd to reproducing another person’s exact words o saying exactly what someone had said (sometimes called quated speech)
Here what a person says appers within quatation marks (‘’…’’) and should be word for word.
B. Indirect Speech
Indirect speech resroducing the idea of anather person’s word doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word foe word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.
TENSE CHANGE
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because whwn we use reported speech, we are usually talking about atime in the past (because pbviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have ro be in the past too.
• Note : reporting verbs that are usually used ti report imperative sentence are : tell, other command, ask, warn, remind.
Present Simple
Past tense
Direct : Iis said ‘’ I eat fried chicken’’.
Indirect : Iis said that she ate fried chicken.
Past Simple
Past Perfect
Direct : Mother said ‘’ I want to market yesterday’’
Indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future Simple
Past Future
Direct : Andre said ‘’ I will buy a notebook next week’’.
Indirect : Andre said (that) she would buy a notebokk the week after.
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Direct : Nadya said ‘’ I’m playing badminton ‘’
Indirect : Nadya said she was plating badminton.
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Direct : She said ‘’ I was teaching earlier’’
Indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier.
ECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH A. Direct Speech Direct speech referd to reproducing another person’s exact words o saying exactly what someone had said (sometimes called quated speech) Here what a person says appers within quatation marks (‘’…’’) and should be word for word. B. Indirect Speech Indirect speech resroducing the idea of anather person’s word doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word foe word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech. TENSE CHANGE • When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because whwn we use reported speech, we are usually talking about atime in the past (because pbviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have ro be in the past too. • Note : reporting verbs that are usually used ti report imperative sentence are : tell, other command, ask, warn, remind. Present Simple Past tense Direct : Iis said ‘’ I eat fried chicken’’. Indirect : Iis said that she ate fried chicken. Past Simple Past Perfect Direct : Mother said ‘’ I want to market yesterday’’ Indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before. Future Simple Past Future Direct : Dheppy said ‘’ I will buy a notebook next week’’. Indirect : Dheppy said (that) she would buy a notebokk the week after. Present Continuous Past Continuous Direct : Sinta said ‘’ I’m playing badminton ‘’ Indirect : Sinta said she was plating badminton. Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Direct : She said ‘’ I was teaching earlier’’ Indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier.
Noun Phrase
Definition :
A word group with a noun or pronoun as its head. The noun head can be accompanied by modifiers, determiners (such as the, a, her), and/or complements.
The Noun examples :
•Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
•Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
•Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
•Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
•Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship
The Functions of Nouns in Sentences :
1.Subject of the sentence
2.Predicate Noun (also Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement)
3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
4. Direct object of a verb
5. Indirect object of a verb
6. Object of the preposition
7. Object Complement (Objective Complement)
Kinds of noun phrases :
a. Noun + Noun, example : Office boy
b. Verb + Noun, example : Take a bath
c. Gerund + Noun, example : Throwing ball
d. Pronoun + Noun, example : My book
e. Adjective + Noun, example : Black board
f. Determiner + Noun, example : A pen
The noun phrases in English composed of 3 parts, there are :
a. Head : The most usual kind of head of a noun phrases.
b. Pre Modification : Consists of a number of word classes in a specific order.
c. Post Modification : Must commonly used not by specific word classes or subclasses.
Example 1 :
Inna : Do you like books ?
Artha : Yes, I like them.
Inna : Do you like books over there?
Artha : Yes, they are nice.
Inna : Do you like the book which I brought yesterday?
Artha : Yes, I like it.
Example 2 :
- Nicko was late
( Nicko is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb)
- Some noun phrase are short :
* The student
- Some are long :
* The very tall education consultant.
A word group with a noun or pronoun as its head. The noun head can be accompanied by modifiers, determiners (such as the, a, her), and/or complements.
The Noun examples :
•Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
•Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
•Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
•Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
•Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship
The Functions of Nouns in Sentences :
1.Subject of the sentence
2.Predicate Noun (also Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement)
3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
4. Direct object of a verb
5. Indirect object of a verb
6. Object of the preposition
7. Object Complement (Objective Complement)
Kinds of noun phrases :
a. Noun + Noun, example : Office boy
b. Verb + Noun, example : Take a bath
c. Gerund + Noun, example : Throwing ball
d. Pronoun + Noun, example : My book
e. Adjective + Noun, example : Black board
f. Determiner + Noun, example : A pen
The noun phrases in English composed of 3 parts, there are :
a. Head : The most usual kind of head of a noun phrases.
b. Pre Modification : Consists of a number of word classes in a specific order.
c. Post Modification : Must commonly used not by specific word classes or subclasses.
Example 1 :
Inna : Do you like books ?
Artha : Yes, I like them.
Inna : Do you like books over there?
Artha : Yes, they are nice.
Inna : Do you like the book which I brought yesterday?
Artha : Yes, I like it.
Example 2 :
- Nicko was late
( Nicko is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb)
- Some noun phrase are short :
* The student
- Some are long :
* The very tall education consultant.
Rabu, 18 April 2012
Descriptive Text
1. Definition
* Descriptive text is the text in written or spoken form which is including some description about something, such as particular person, animals, places/areas, etc.
2. Purpose
* To describe the significant information about a particular person, place or thing.
3. Generic Structure
* Identification: identifies phenomenon to be describe
* Description: describes part, qualities, characteristics
4. Significant Grammatical Features
* Focus on specific Participant
* Use of attributes and identifying Processes
* Frequent use of Epithets and Classifiers in nominal groups
* Use of simple present tens
Example Descriptive Text :
Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.
Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.
* Descriptive text is the text in written or spoken form which is including some description about something, such as particular person, animals, places/areas, etc.
2. Purpose
* To describe the significant information about a particular person, place or thing.
3. Generic Structure
* Identification: identifies phenomenon to be describe
* Description: describes part, qualities, characteristics
4. Significant Grammatical Features
* Focus on specific Participant
* Use of attributes and identifying Processes
* Frequent use of Epithets and Classifiers in nominal groups
* Use of simple present tens
Example Descriptive Text :
Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.
Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.
Introductory It
When the subject is an infinitive phrase, the sentence often begins with it. Instead of saying ‘To find fault with others is easy’, we say, ‘It is easy to find fault with others’. More examples are given below.
* It is easy to learn English. (More natural than ‘To learn English is easy’.)
* It was not easy to understand his motive.
* It may be advisable to consult a specialist.
* It could be dangerous to drive so fast.
* It was pleasant to sit on the beach.
However, when we want to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning especially if it is short.
* To err is human.
* To withdraw now will be sheer folly.
When the subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. Instead of saying ‘Your trying to deceive us is no good’, we may say ‘It is no good your trying to deceive us’.
* Will it be any good my talking to him about it?
* It is no use arguing with him.
* It won’t be much good complaining to the officer about it.
Note that the gerund can be changed into the infinitive.
* Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?
When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins with it. Instead of saying ‘That she was once a famous artist is true’, we may say, ‘It is true that she was once a famous artist’.
* It does not matter whether he comes or not. (= Whether he comes or not does not matter.)
* It is doubtful whether he can pay the dues. (= Whether he can pay the dues is doubtful.)
* It cannot be denied that the doctors did their best to save his life. (= That the doctors did their best to save his life cannot be denied.)
* It is easy to learn English. (More natural than ‘To learn English is easy’.)
* It was not easy to understand his motive.
* It may be advisable to consult a specialist.
* It could be dangerous to drive so fast.
* It was pleasant to sit on the beach.
However, when we want to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning especially if it is short.
* To err is human.
* To withdraw now will be sheer folly.
When the subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. Instead of saying ‘Your trying to deceive us is no good’, we may say ‘It is no good your trying to deceive us’.
* Will it be any good my talking to him about it?
* It is no use arguing with him.
* It won’t be much good complaining to the officer about it.
Note that the gerund can be changed into the infinitive.
* Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?
When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins with it. Instead of saying ‘That she was once a famous artist is true’, we may say, ‘It is true that she was once a famous artist’.
* It does not matter whether he comes or not. (= Whether he comes or not does not matter.)
* It is doubtful whether he can pay the dues. (= Whether he can pay the dues is doubtful.)
* It cannot be denied that the doctors did their best to save his life. (= That the doctors did their best to save his life cannot be denied.)
Invitation
Definition:
Invitation is an expression or offering that we used to invite someone.
Offering invitation
•Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?
•Will you join us?
•Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?
•Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?
•I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?
Accepting invitation
•Yes,I’d love very much.
•Thank you.
•Yes,with pleasure.
Refusing
•If you don’t mind,i’d rather not.
•Thank you,i’m busy,may be next time.
•I have got another appointment.
•I’m sorry.
•I’ve lost to work to do.
EXAMPLE :
Invitation Verbal
Example:
We want to invite you to come to our house
Can you come to my restaurant?
Are you free tonight?
Accepting :
I like that
That sounds good
Thank you for inviting
Refusing :
I like that but I can’t
I’m very sorry for not able to come
Sorry, I’m very busy
Example of Card :
Invitation is an expression or offering that we used to invite someone.
Offering invitation
•Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?
•Will you join us?
•Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?
•Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?
•I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?
Accepting invitation
•Yes,I’d love very much.
•Thank you.
•Yes,with pleasure.
Refusing
•If you don’t mind,i’d rather not.
•Thank you,i’m busy,may be next time.
•I have got another appointment.
•I’m sorry.
•I’ve lost to work to do.
EXAMPLE :
Invitation Verbal
Example:
We want to invite you to come to our house
Can you come to my restaurant?
Are you free tonight?
Accepting :
I like that
That sounds good
Thank you for inviting
Refusing :
I like that but I can’t
I’m very sorry for not able to come
Sorry, I’m very busy
Example of Card :
Rabu, 28 Maret 2012
News Item
1. Definition
News item is a factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
2. Social Function
The social function of news item is to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
3. Generic Structure
-Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form.
-Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
-Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to, and expert on the event.
4. Significant Grammar Features
-Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
-Generally using Simple Past Tense
-Use of Material Processes to retell the event
-Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
-Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
-Focus on Circumstances
-Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages
5. Some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible
The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
Example: Town ‘Contaminated’
Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.
It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004
Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.
The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis
Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.
To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.
Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.
Headlines are not always complete sentences.
Example: More earthquakes in Japan.
Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan
News item is a factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
2. Social Function
The social function of news item is to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
3. Generic Structure
-Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form.
-Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
-Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to, and expert on the event.
4. Significant Grammar Features
-Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
-Generally using Simple Past Tense
-Use of Material Processes to retell the event
-Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
-Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
-Focus on Circumstances
-Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages
5. Some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible
The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
Example: Town ‘Contaminated’
Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.
It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004
Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.
The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis
Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.
To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.
Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.
Headlines are not always complete sentences.
Example: More earthquakes in Japan.
Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan
Passive Voice
1. When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
-The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
-The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
-The subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is dropped)
-Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form
The two forms should have the same tenses
2. Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person / thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
EXAMPLES:
MY MOTHER MAKES THE BURGER EVERY MORNING.
SUBJECT VERB1+S/ES O C (ADV. OF TIME)
THE BURGER IS MADE BY MY MOTHER EVERY MORNING.
SUBJECT O BE+V3 AGENT C (ADV. OF TIME)
WHAT ABOUT OTHER TENSES?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS : [ S + TO BE + BEING +V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE)
PRESENT PERFECT: [ S + HAS/HAVE + BEEN + V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE)
Here are the examples:
A young boy is catching a butterfly.
A butterfly is being caught by a young boy.
Yano has returned the book to the library.
The book has been returned to the library by Yano.
Next,
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence
FOR INSTANCE:
John is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower.
indirect object direct object
Passive: The indirect object as the subject
John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower
or
Passive: The direct object as the subject
A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend
how about the negative and interrogative?
Take a look at the followings:
People don’t use bikes anymore
Bikes are not used anymore
Did the students play the cards in the class yesterday?
Were the cards played in the class yesterday?
SOME EXAMPLES (SIMPLE PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE)
Some students open the book silently during the examination (active)
The books are opened silently by some students during the examination. (passive)
Ku Klux Klan killed many innocent people.
Many innocent people were killed by Ku Klux Klan
> Sting will perform the 2nd world tour in Indonesia
> The 2nd world tour will be performed by Sting in Indonesia
-The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
-The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
-The subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is dropped)
-Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form
The two forms should have the same tenses
2. Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person / thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
EXAMPLES:
MY MOTHER MAKES THE BURGER EVERY MORNING.
SUBJECT VERB1+S/ES O C (ADV. OF TIME)
THE BURGER IS MADE BY MY MOTHER EVERY MORNING.
SUBJECT O BE+V3 AGENT C (ADV. OF TIME)
WHAT ABOUT OTHER TENSES?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS : [ S + TO BE + BEING +V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE)
PRESENT PERFECT: [ S + HAS/HAVE + BEEN + V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE)
Here are the examples:
A young boy is catching a butterfly.
A butterfly is being caught by a young boy.
Yano has returned the book to the library.
The book has been returned to the library by Yano.
Next,
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence
FOR INSTANCE:
John is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower.
indirect object direct object
Passive: The indirect object as the subject
John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower
or
Passive: The direct object as the subject
A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend
how about the negative and interrogative?
Take a look at the followings:
People don’t use bikes anymore
Bikes are not used anymore
Did the students play the cards in the class yesterday?
Were the cards played in the class yesterday?
SOME EXAMPLES (SIMPLE PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE)
Some students open the book silently during the examination (active)
The books are opened silently by some students during the examination. (passive)
Ku Klux Klan killed many innocent people.
Many innocent people were killed by Ku Klux Klan
> Sting will perform the 2nd world tour in Indonesia
> The 2nd world tour will be performed by Sting in Indonesia
Narrative Text
Narrative text is story, mostly, narrative are imaginary stories but sometimes narratives can be factual too. Narrative text is to tell something in the past. Narrative includes fairy stories, fables, mystery, science, fictions any romance and horror.
The generic structure of Narrative text :
1. Orientation :
It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and where).
2. Complication :
Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.
3. Resolution :
The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.
4. Re-orientation :
The ending of the story.
5. Evaluation :
The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story
Linguistic features :
1. Use active verbs.
2. Use past tense.
3. Use conjunction.
4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).
5. Use specific nouns.
6. Use adjective and adverbs
Kind of Narrative text :
1. Legend : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc.
2. Fable : Mousedeer and crocodile.
3. Fairy tale : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.
4. Science fiction
Example of Narrative text :
The Ugly Duckling
One upon time, a mother duck sat on her eggs. She felt tired of sitting on them. She just wished the eggs would break out.
Several days later, she got her wish. The eggs cracked and some cute little ducklings appeared. "Peep, peep" the little ducklings cried. "Quack, quack" their mother greeted in return.
However the largest egg had not cracked. The mother duck sat on it for several days. Finally, it cracked and a huge ugly duckling waddled out. The mother duck looked at him in surprise. He was so big and very gray. He didn't look like the others at all. He was like a turkey
When the mother duck brought the children to the pond for their first swimming lesson. The huge grey duckling splashed and paddled about just as nicely as the other ducklings did. "That is not a turkey chick. He is my very own son and quite handsome" the mother said proudly
However, the other animals didn't agree. They hissed and made fun of him day by day. Even his own sisters and brothers were very unkind. "You are very ugly" they quacked.
The little poor duckling was very unhappy. "I wish I looked like them" he thought to himself. One day, the ugly duckling run away and hid in the bushes. The sad duckling lived alone through the cold and snow winter. Finally the spring flowers began to bloom. While he was swimming in the pond, he saw three large white swans swimming toward him. "Oh, dear. these beautiful birds will laugh and peck me too" he said to himself. But the swans did not attack him. Instead, they swam around him and stroked him with their bills. As the ugly duckling bent his neck to speak to them, he saw his reflection in the water. He could not believe his eyes. "I am not an ugly duckling but a beautiful swam" he exclaimed.
He was very happy. From that day on, he swam and played with his new friends and was happier than he had never been.
The generic structure of Narrative text :
1. Orientation :
It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and where).
2. Complication :
Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.
3. Resolution :
The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.
4. Re-orientation :
The ending of the story.
5. Evaluation :
The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story
Linguistic features :
1. Use active verbs.
2. Use past tense.
3. Use conjunction.
4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).
5. Use specific nouns.
6. Use adjective and adverbs
Kind of Narrative text :
1. Legend : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc.
2. Fable : Mousedeer and crocodile.
3. Fairy tale : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.
4. Science fiction
Example of Narrative text :
The Ugly Duckling
One upon time, a mother duck sat on her eggs. She felt tired of sitting on them. She just wished the eggs would break out.
Several days later, she got her wish. The eggs cracked and some cute little ducklings appeared. "Peep, peep" the little ducklings cried. "Quack, quack" their mother greeted in return.
However the largest egg had not cracked. The mother duck sat on it for several days. Finally, it cracked and a huge ugly duckling waddled out. The mother duck looked at him in surprise. He was so big and very gray. He didn't look like the others at all. He was like a turkey
When the mother duck brought the children to the pond for their first swimming lesson. The huge grey duckling splashed and paddled about just as nicely as the other ducklings did. "That is not a turkey chick. He is my very own son and quite handsome" the mother said proudly
However, the other animals didn't agree. They hissed and made fun of him day by day. Even his own sisters and brothers were very unkind. "You are very ugly" they quacked.
The little poor duckling was very unhappy. "I wish I looked like them" he thought to himself. One day, the ugly duckling run away and hid in the bushes. The sad duckling lived alone through the cold and snow winter. Finally the spring flowers began to bloom. While he was swimming in the pond, he saw three large white swans swimming toward him. "Oh, dear. these beautiful birds will laugh and peck me too" he said to himself. But the swans did not attack him. Instead, they swam around him and stroked him with their bills. As the ugly duckling bent his neck to speak to them, he saw his reflection in the water. He could not believe his eyes. "I am not an ugly duckling but a beautiful swam" he exclaimed.
He was very happy. From that day on, he swam and played with his new friends and was happier than he had never been.
Suprise and Disbelief
Surprise is a brief emotional state experienced as the result of an unexpected significant event.
Surprise is expressed in the face by the following features :
Eyebrows that are raised so they become curved ang high.
Stretched skin below the eyebrows.
Horizontal wrinkles across the forehead.
Open eyelids: the uupper lid is raised and the lower lid is drawn down, often exposing the white sclera above and below the iris.
Dropped jaw so that the lips and teeth are parted, with no tension around the mouth.
To express surprises :
· Wow! What a surprise!
· That’s a surprise!
· (Well), that’s very surprising!
· Really?
· What?
· Are you serious? You must be joking!
· You’re kidding!
· Fancy that!
How To Responds Surprises :
· Yeah!
· It is.
· Yup!
· Sure.
· It’s true.
· I’m Serious.
· No. I’m not.
· Does it?
· It is, isn’t it?
The Example for the Dialogue :
Yohanes : Whose bicycle is that ?
Baistsyifa : It’s Norman’s
Yohanes : Are you kidding me ?
Baistsyifa : No, I’m not. I saw her riding that bicycle this afternoon.
B. Disbelief
Disbelief is a state of the mind in which one is fully persuaded that an opinion or assertion is not true.
To Express Disbelief
I don’t believe it.
It can’t be true.
I can’t think of it.
I don’t believe you.
I can’t believe this!
I didn’t know that.
Surprise is expressed in the face by the following features :
Eyebrows that are raised so they become curved ang high.
Stretched skin below the eyebrows.
Horizontal wrinkles across the forehead.
Open eyelids: the uupper lid is raised and the lower lid is drawn down, often exposing the white sclera above and below the iris.
Dropped jaw so that the lips and teeth are parted, with no tension around the mouth.
To express surprises :
· Wow! What a surprise!
· That’s a surprise!
· (Well), that’s very surprising!
· Really?
· What?
· Are you serious? You must be joking!
· You’re kidding!
· Fancy that!
How To Responds Surprises :
· Yeah!
· It is.
· Yup!
· Sure.
· It’s true.
· I’m Serious.
· No. I’m not.
· Does it?
· It is, isn’t it?
The Example for the Dialogue :
Yohanes : Whose bicycle is that ?
Baistsyifa : It’s Norman’s
Yohanes : Are you kidding me ?
Baistsyifa : No, I’m not. I saw her riding that bicycle this afternoon.
B. Disbelief
Disbelief is a state of the mind in which one is fully persuaded that an opinion or assertion is not true.
To Express Disbelief
I don’t believe it.
It can’t be true.
I can’t think of it.
I don’t believe you.
I can’t believe this!
I didn’t know that.
Gratitude, Compliment and Congratulation
Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people.
Kinds of gratitude expressions are :
Thank you very much
Thank you for helping me !
I’m really very grateful to you
I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
Respond of expressing :
You are welcome
Don't mention it
It was nothing at all
No problem
I am glad I could help
Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Example :
On his/her general appearance
If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
When you visit someone’s house for the first time
When other people do their best
Kinds of compliment expressions are :
What a nice dress!
You look great
I really must express my admiration for you dance
Excellent!
Nice work
Good Job
Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.
Kinds of Congratulations are :
Congratulation !!
Congratulations on your success.
Happy Birthday !!
Merry Christmas ...
Happy New Year !!
Happy Valentine !!
Happy Anniversary !!
A. Giving The Congratulation
Let me congratulate you
Good job. Conguratulation!
That’s great!
How fortunate
Pretty Good
B. How To Responds
Thank You
Thank, I needed that
That’s very kind of you
Kinds of gratitude expressions are :
Thank you very much
Thank you for helping me !
I’m really very grateful to you
I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
Respond of expressing :
You are welcome
Don't mention it
It was nothing at all
No problem
I am glad I could help
Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Example :
On his/her general appearance
If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
When you visit someone’s house for the first time
When other people do their best
Kinds of compliment expressions are :
What a nice dress!
You look great
I really must express my admiration for you dance
Excellent!
Nice work
Good Job
Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.
Kinds of Congratulations are :
Congratulation !!
Congratulations on your success.
Happy Birthday !!
Merry Christmas ...
Happy New Year !!
Happy Valentine !!
Happy Anniversary !!
A. Giving The Congratulation
Let me congratulate you
Good job. Conguratulation!
That’s great!
How fortunate
Pretty Good
B. How To Responds
Thank You
Thank, I needed that
That’s very kind of you
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)