Preposition In,On, and At

What are place prepositions?

Place prepositions , are prepositions that are used to describe the place or position of all types of nouns. It is common for the preposition to be placed before the noun. When we refer to Place prepositions we usually refer to "in", "at" and "on".

In - Is usually used to state that someone or something is in a (the boundaries can be physical or virtual place.

On - Is usually used to state someone or something is on top of a surface.

At - Is usually used to state something or someone is at a specific place.

How to use a prepositions?

1. The prepositions usually comes before the noun.

2. Prepositions can be used with all forms of nouns (e.g. collective nouns, pronouns etc).

3. Prepositions can't come after a verb, but can be used before a gerund or verb in noun form.

4. The rules above do not change and there are no exceptions to the rules.

We use :

* at for a PRECISE TIME
* in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
* on for DAYS and DATES

Prepositions of place are used to clarify a specific place. Place prepositions are used with all nouns. The preposition usually comes before the noun or the pronoun. The preposition never comes before a verb.

Common Place Prepositions:

aboard - She is aboard the boat.

above - The picture is above the sofa.

across - My house is across the street.

against - The desk is against the wall.

around - My house is around the block.

at - Is your house at the end of the street.



Time prepositions are used to define time. Prepositions usually come before a noun or pronoun. Prepositions never come after a verb.

* after - I will be there after work.
* around - We will be there around 3 PM
* before - I will be there before I go to school.
* between - I will be there


Use 'in' with spaces:

* in a room / in a building
* in a garden / in a park

Use 'in' with bodies of water:
* in the water
* in the sea
* in a river

Use 'in' with lines:

* in a row / in a line
* in a queue


Use 'at' with places:

* at the bus-stop
* at the door
* at the cinema
* at the end of the street

Use 'at' with places on a page:

* at the top of the page
* at the bottom of the page

Use 'at' in groups of people:
* at the back of the class
* at the front of the class


Use 'on' with surfaces:

* on the ceiling / on the wall / on the floor
* on the table

Use 'on' with small islands:

* I stayed on Maui.

Use 'on' with directions:

* on the left
* on the right
* straight on


IMPORTANT NOTES

In / at / on the corner

We say 'in the corner of a room', but 'at the corner (or 'on the corner') of a street'

In / at / on the front

* We say 'in the front / in the back' of a car
* We say 'at the front / at the back' of buildings / groups of people
* We say 'on the front / on the back' of a piece of paper

Vocabulary around the House

Asking if someone remember or not

Definition :

Asking if someone remember or not can be explained is as a situation when we ask to someone about something ( usually seriously ) that they remember or not remember about it.

Purpose :

Purpose of the topic is to remember someone about something that important.

Example :

1. Formal expression

v Example :

a. I wonder if you remember …

b. You remember … , don’t you ?

c. You haven’t forgotten …, have you ?

d. Don’t you remember … ?

e. Do you happen to remember it now ?

v Respond :

a. Let me think, Yes I remember.

b. I remember especially the scenery

c. I’ll never forget about that.

d. I’ll always remember.

e. I can remember it clearly.

2. Informal expression :

v Example :

a. Remember the old house we used to live in ?

b. Remember that ?

c. I’m sorry I don’t remember.

v Respond :

a. Hold on. Yes, got it !

b. I know …

c. It’s coming back to me now.

v Respond if forget :

a. Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten

b. I’m afraid I forget

c. I really can’t remember

d. I’m afraid I have no memory of him

e. Let me think. No, it’s gone

Example dialogue :

1. On Sunday Bagus up early, then she showered and wearing office clothes.

Irfan : Hey, Olvie. Where would you wear service dress ?

Bagus : I want to go to the office, why ?

Irfan : Did you forget? This is the day of the week!

Bagus : Oh my God! I forgot! Hahaha -,-

Offering Expression

Offering services used to offer services or assistance to others.

Offering to older people :

* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Ardi?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Rio?
* Would you care some salad?

Offering to friends:

* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:

* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don’t you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

Declining an offering :

* No, thanks.
* No, really won’t, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering :

* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I’d like it very much
* That would be very nice

Simple Future Tense

Definition of simple future tense :

Simple future tense is a verb tense expressing future time.

When we use the Simple Future Tense ?

We use the Simple Future tense when we want to talk about future actions or happenings.

PATTERN :

*Going to

A. Verb

(+) S + To be + Going to + Verb I + O + Adverb

(-) S + To be + Not + Going to + Verb I + Adverb

(?) To be + S + Going to + Verb I + O + Adverb

Example :

(+) You are going to read news paper Tomorrow

(-) You are not going to read news paper Tomorrow

(?) Are you going to read news paper Tomorrow ?

Respond : Yes, I am

B. Non Verb

(+) S + To be + Going to + Be + Adjective

(-) S + To be + Not + Going to + Be + Adjective

(?) To be + S + Going to + Be + Adjective

Example :

(+) My father is going to be happy

(-) My father is not going to be happy

(?) Is my father going to be happy ?

Respond :

- Yes, He is

- No, He is not

*Will

(+) S + Will + Verb I + Adverb

(-) S + Will + Not + Verb I + Adverb

(?) Will + S + Verb I + Adverb ?

Example :

- They will visit Tokyo

- They will not visit Tokyo

- Will They visit Tokyo ?

Respond :

- Yes, I will

- No, I won’t

- Sure

- Of Course

- Yes

What is the difference between “will” dan “going to” ?

*We usually use going to when the situation is planned

*We usually use will + verb when the situation is unplanned or informal writing.

Note :

· “ TO BE” – PRESENT ( Is, Am, Are )

· Time signal : Later, Tomorrow, Next … ( Next week, Next month, Next year, Next century ), Next Time, etc.

Asking for Information Using WH Questions

Asking Information There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English.


The use of WH-Questions :

What

When

Where

Why

Who

How


Combined with to be
What is ……. Your name?
When was ……. He born?
Where are ………. The tickets?
Why were …………. They here?
Who are ……….. Those people?
How is ……. Puput?

Combined with auxiliary verbs or Modals
What do …………
When did …………
Where shall ……..
Why does ……..
Who might ……
How could …….
etc

Asking for information:
I’d like to know about this movie
I’m interested in the characters
Could you tell me more about it?
Do you know the plot?
Could you find out the solution?
Could I ask about the conflict?
Do you happen to know the writer?
Etc.

Guessing:
I’d say … I know where to find the pen
It could be … somewhere in the canteen
Perhaps it’s … on the top of the shelf
I think it’s … not there anymore
It looks like … someone has taken the book
It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess …
It’s being borrowed by a student

Here are some of the most common:
· Could you tell me…?
· Do you know…?
· Do you happen to know…?
· I’d like to know…
· Could you find out…?
· I’m interested in…
· I’m looking for...

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
· I’m calling to find out…
· I’m calling about…

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English

1. What is this? This is a white board
2. What is that? That is a chair.
3. What’s this? It’s a pen.
4. What’s that? It’s an apple.
5. What are these? These are pencils.
6. What are those? Those are books.
7. Where is Mr. Andre? He is over there.
8. Where is Ms. Nadya? She’s (right) here.
9. Where’s Tyng? He’s in the restaurant.
10. When’s the movie? It’s at 9:00.
11. When’s lunch? Lunch is at noon.
12. How is the food? It’s delicious

Modal in the Past Form

1. Could + Verb base
• To offer suggestions or possibilities
Example:
Jason : Oh, no! I left my shorts.
Nate : Don’t worry, Jason. You could borrow my shorts.

Mitchie : I’m having trouble with English.
Demi : Why don’t you ask Tess? Perhaps she could help you.
• To indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example:
Mitchie : Ras, can you climb the coconut tree?
Shane : Well… I could climb coconut tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.

Selena : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.
• To express polite requests
Example:
* Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
* Could you lend me your jacket now?
* Could you please close the door?
* Could you pass the salt?

2. Would + Verb base
• For an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example:
* When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
* On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.
• Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences
Example:
Troy : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Ryan : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Gabriella : Which country would you rather visit?
Sharpay : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.
• To express polite requests
Example:
Nick : Would you mind cycling with me, Selena?
Selena : No, not at all. It would be nice.

Joey : Would you please pass the helmet, Mary?
Mary : No problem.

3. Should + Verb base
• To give definite advice (advisability)
Example:
Mom : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Mitchie : Joe : You should paint your door, Kevin. It looks terrible.
Kevin : Yes, I know I should.
• To express the subject’s obligation or duty:
Example:
* You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
* They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
* Application should be sent before March 25th.
4. Might + Verb base
• To tell possibilities
Example:
Nick : Where is Joe?
Kevin : He might be in the studio with Stella.
• To express polite requests
Example:
Demi : Might I borrow your coat?
Miley : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Hannah for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.

Finite and Non-Finite Verbs

The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or number. Non-finite verb forms have no person or number, but some types can show tense.
• Finite verb forms include: I go, she goes, he went
• Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand on their own as complete sentences.
Example of finite verb :
• I study, she cook, Anto went
• Sidy has eaten when Rini come in. By it self, the verb form eaten is called a non-finite verb. When the auxiliary has and the non-finite verb eaten are put together, they make up a finite verb form has eaten.
• Tamara was walking. Walking is non-finite and was is to be. When they are put together, they make up finite form was walking

Definition of non-finite verb :
a verb has no subject, tense, or number. The only finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle (present/past), nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal , an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival particle to.

Example of nonfinite verb

Verbs ending in -ing. These are called present participles, they were cooking in Sinta’s house.
This non-finite verb form end in -ed; many also end in en. These are called past participles. I have written my letter ( the past participle written is non-finite and can’t be the main verb).
Talking is the children’s favorite pastime. ( talking is a gerund, verb to be noun)
I can’t afford to go out tonight

The infinitive can have the following forms:

The perfect infinitive
to have + past participle

For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.

For example:
• If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
• Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
• I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
• He pretended to have seen the film.
• If I’d seen the ball I would have caught it.

Direct and Indirect Speed

A. Direct Speech
Direct speech referd to reproducing another person’s exact words o saying exactly what someone had said (sometimes called quated speech)
Here what a person says appers within quatation marks (‘’…’’) and should be word for word.

B. Indirect Speech
Indirect speech resroducing the idea of anather person’s word doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word foe word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

TENSE CHANGE
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because whwn we use reported speech, we are usually talking about atime in the past (because pbviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have ro be in the past too.
• Note : reporting verbs that are usually used ti report imperative sentence are : tell, other command, ask, warn, remind.

Present Simple
Past tense
Direct : Iis said ‘’ I eat fried chicken’’.
Indirect : Iis said that she ate fried chicken.

Past Simple
Past Perfect
Direct : Mother said ‘’ I want to market yesterday’’
Indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future Simple
Past Future
Direct : Andre said ‘’ I will buy a notebook next week’’.
Indirect : Andre said (that) she would buy a notebokk the week after.

Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Direct : Nadya said ‘’ I’m playing badminton ‘’
Indirect : Nadya said she was plating badminton.

Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Direct : She said ‘’ I was teaching earlier’’
Indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier.

ECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH A. Direct Speech Direct speech referd to reproducing another person’s exact words o saying exactly what someone had said (sometimes called quated speech) Here what a person says appers within quatation marks (‘’…’’) and should be word for word. B. Indirect Speech Indirect speech resroducing the idea of anather person’s word doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word foe word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech. TENSE CHANGE • When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because whwn we use reported speech, we are usually talking about atime in the past (because pbviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have ro be in the past too. • Note : reporting verbs that are usually used ti report imperative sentence are : tell, other command, ask, warn, remind. Present Simple Past tense Direct : Iis said ‘’ I eat fried chicken’’. Indirect : Iis said that she ate fried chicken. Past Simple Past Perfect Direct : Mother said ‘’ I want to market yesterday’’ Indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before. Future Simple Past Future Direct : Dheppy said ‘’ I will buy a notebook next week’’. Indirect : Dheppy said (that) she would buy a notebokk the week after. Present Continuous Past Continuous Direct : Sinta said ‘’ I’m playing badminton ‘’ Indirect : Sinta said she was plating badminton. Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Direct : She said ‘’ I was teaching earlier’’ Indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier.

Noun Phrase

Definition :
A word group with a noun or pronoun as its head. The noun head can be accompanied by modifiers, determiners (such as the, a, her), and/or complements.

The Noun examples :
•Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
•Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
•Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
•Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
•Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship


The Functions of Nouns in Sentences :
1.Subject of the sentence
2.Predicate Noun (also Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement)
3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
4. Direct object of a verb
5. Indirect object of a verb
6. Object of the preposition
7. Object Complement (Objective Complement)



Kinds of noun phrases :
a. Noun + Noun, example : Office boy
b. Verb + Noun, example : Take a bath
c. Gerund + Noun, example : Throwing ball
d. Pronoun + Noun, example : My book
e. Adjective + Noun, example : Black board
f. Determiner + Noun, example : A pen


The noun phrases in English composed of 3 parts, there are :
a. Head : The most usual kind of head of a noun phrases.
b. Pre Modification : Consists of a number of word classes in a specific order.
c. Post Modification : Must commonly used not by specific word classes or subclasses.


Example 1 :
Inna : Do you like books ?
Artha : Yes, I like them.
Inna : Do you like books over there?
Artha : Yes, they are nice.
Inna : Do you like the book which I brought yesterday?
Artha : Yes, I like it.


Example 2 :
- Nicko was late
( Nicko is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb)


- Some noun phrase are short :
* The student


- Some are long :
* The very tall education consultant.