1. Definition
News item is a factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
2. Social Function
The social function of news item is to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
3. Generic Structure
-Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form.
-Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
-Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to, and expert on the event.
4. Significant Grammar Features
-Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
-Generally using Simple Past Tense
-Use of Material Processes to retell the event
-Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
-Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
-Focus on Circumstances
-Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages
5. Some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible
The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
Example: Town ‘Contaminated’
Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.
It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004
Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.
The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis
Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.
To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.
Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.
Headlines are not always complete sentences.
Example: More earthquakes in Japan.
Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan
Rabu, 28 Maret 2012
Passive Voice
1. When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
-The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
-The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
-The subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is dropped)
-Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form
The two forms should have the same tenses
2. Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person / thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
EXAMPLES:
MY MOTHER MAKES THE BURGER EVERY MORNING.
SUBJECT VERB1+S/ES O C (ADV. OF TIME)
THE BURGER IS MADE BY MY MOTHER EVERY MORNING.
SUBJECT O BE+V3 AGENT C (ADV. OF TIME)
WHAT ABOUT OTHER TENSES?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS : [ S + TO BE + BEING +V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE)
PRESENT PERFECT: [ S + HAS/HAVE + BEEN + V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE)
Here are the examples:
A young boy is catching a butterfly.
A butterfly is being caught by a young boy.
Yano has returned the book to the library.
The book has been returned to the library by Yano.
Next,
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence
FOR INSTANCE:
John is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower.
indirect object direct object
Passive: The indirect object as the subject
John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower
or
Passive: The direct object as the subject
A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend
how about the negative and interrogative?
Take a look at the followings:
People don’t use bikes anymore
Bikes are not used anymore
Did the students play the cards in the class yesterday?
Were the cards played in the class yesterday?
SOME EXAMPLES (SIMPLE PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE)
Some students open the book silently during the examination (active)
The books are opened silently by some students during the examination. (passive)
Ku Klux Klan killed many innocent people.
Many innocent people were killed by Ku Klux Klan
> Sting will perform the 2nd world tour in Indonesia
> The 2nd world tour will be performed by Sting in Indonesia
-The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
-The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
-The subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is dropped)
-Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form
The two forms should have the same tenses
2. Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person / thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
EXAMPLES:
MY MOTHER MAKES THE BURGER EVERY MORNING.
SUBJECT VERB1+S/ES O C (ADV. OF TIME)
THE BURGER IS MADE BY MY MOTHER EVERY MORNING.
SUBJECT O BE+V3 AGENT C (ADV. OF TIME)
WHAT ABOUT OTHER TENSES?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS : [ S + TO BE + BEING +V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE)
PRESENT PERFECT: [ S + HAS/HAVE + BEEN + V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE)
Here are the examples:
A young boy is catching a butterfly.
A butterfly is being caught by a young boy.
Yano has returned the book to the library.
The book has been returned to the library by Yano.
Next,
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence
FOR INSTANCE:
John is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower.
indirect object direct object
Passive: The indirect object as the subject
John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower
or
Passive: The direct object as the subject
A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend
how about the negative and interrogative?
Take a look at the followings:
People don’t use bikes anymore
Bikes are not used anymore
Did the students play the cards in the class yesterday?
Were the cards played in the class yesterday?
SOME EXAMPLES (SIMPLE PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE)
Some students open the book silently during the examination (active)
The books are opened silently by some students during the examination. (passive)
Ku Klux Klan killed many innocent people.
Many innocent people were killed by Ku Klux Klan
> Sting will perform the 2nd world tour in Indonesia
> The 2nd world tour will be performed by Sting in Indonesia
Narrative Text
Narrative text is story, mostly, narrative are imaginary stories but sometimes narratives can be factual too. Narrative text is to tell something in the past. Narrative includes fairy stories, fables, mystery, science, fictions any romance and horror.
The generic structure of Narrative text :
1. Orientation :
It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and where).
2. Complication :
Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.
3. Resolution :
The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.
4. Re-orientation :
The ending of the story.
5. Evaluation :
The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story
Linguistic features :
1. Use active verbs.
2. Use past tense.
3. Use conjunction.
4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).
5. Use specific nouns.
6. Use adjective and adverbs
Kind of Narrative text :
1. Legend : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc.
2. Fable : Mousedeer and crocodile.
3. Fairy tale : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.
4. Science fiction
Example of Narrative text :
The Ugly Duckling
One upon time, a mother duck sat on her eggs. She felt tired of sitting on them. She just wished the eggs would break out.
Several days later, she got her wish. The eggs cracked and some cute little ducklings appeared. "Peep, peep" the little ducklings cried. "Quack, quack" their mother greeted in return.
However the largest egg had not cracked. The mother duck sat on it for several days. Finally, it cracked and a huge ugly duckling waddled out. The mother duck looked at him in surprise. He was so big and very gray. He didn't look like the others at all. He was like a turkey
When the mother duck brought the children to the pond for their first swimming lesson. The huge grey duckling splashed and paddled about just as nicely as the other ducklings did. "That is not a turkey chick. He is my very own son and quite handsome" the mother said proudly
However, the other animals didn't agree. They hissed and made fun of him day by day. Even his own sisters and brothers were very unkind. "You are very ugly" they quacked.
The little poor duckling was very unhappy. "I wish I looked like them" he thought to himself. One day, the ugly duckling run away and hid in the bushes. The sad duckling lived alone through the cold and snow winter. Finally the spring flowers began to bloom. While he was swimming in the pond, he saw three large white swans swimming toward him. "Oh, dear. these beautiful birds will laugh and peck me too" he said to himself. But the swans did not attack him. Instead, they swam around him and stroked him with their bills. As the ugly duckling bent his neck to speak to them, he saw his reflection in the water. He could not believe his eyes. "I am not an ugly duckling but a beautiful swam" he exclaimed.
He was very happy. From that day on, he swam and played with his new friends and was happier than he had never been.
The generic structure of Narrative text :
1. Orientation :
It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and where).
2. Complication :
Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.
3. Resolution :
The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.
4. Re-orientation :
The ending of the story.
5. Evaluation :
The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story
Linguistic features :
1. Use active verbs.
2. Use past tense.
3. Use conjunction.
4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).
5. Use specific nouns.
6. Use adjective and adverbs
Kind of Narrative text :
1. Legend : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc.
2. Fable : Mousedeer and crocodile.
3. Fairy tale : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.
4. Science fiction
Example of Narrative text :
The Ugly Duckling
One upon time, a mother duck sat on her eggs. She felt tired of sitting on them. She just wished the eggs would break out.
Several days later, she got her wish. The eggs cracked and some cute little ducklings appeared. "Peep, peep" the little ducklings cried. "Quack, quack" their mother greeted in return.
However the largest egg had not cracked. The mother duck sat on it for several days. Finally, it cracked and a huge ugly duckling waddled out. The mother duck looked at him in surprise. He was so big and very gray. He didn't look like the others at all. He was like a turkey
When the mother duck brought the children to the pond for their first swimming lesson. The huge grey duckling splashed and paddled about just as nicely as the other ducklings did. "That is not a turkey chick. He is my very own son and quite handsome" the mother said proudly
However, the other animals didn't agree. They hissed and made fun of him day by day. Even his own sisters and brothers were very unkind. "You are very ugly" they quacked.
The little poor duckling was very unhappy. "I wish I looked like them" he thought to himself. One day, the ugly duckling run away and hid in the bushes. The sad duckling lived alone through the cold and snow winter. Finally the spring flowers began to bloom. While he was swimming in the pond, he saw three large white swans swimming toward him. "Oh, dear. these beautiful birds will laugh and peck me too" he said to himself. But the swans did not attack him. Instead, they swam around him and stroked him with their bills. As the ugly duckling bent his neck to speak to them, he saw his reflection in the water. He could not believe his eyes. "I am not an ugly duckling but a beautiful swam" he exclaimed.
He was very happy. From that day on, he swam and played with his new friends and was happier than he had never been.
Suprise and Disbelief
Surprise is a brief emotional state experienced as the result of an unexpected significant event.
Surprise is expressed in the face by the following features :
Eyebrows that are raised so they become curved ang high.
Stretched skin below the eyebrows.
Horizontal wrinkles across the forehead.
Open eyelids: the uupper lid is raised and the lower lid is drawn down, often exposing the white sclera above and below the iris.
Dropped jaw so that the lips and teeth are parted, with no tension around the mouth.
To express surprises :
· Wow! What a surprise!
· That’s a surprise!
· (Well), that’s very surprising!
· Really?
· What?
· Are you serious? You must be joking!
· You’re kidding!
· Fancy that!
How To Responds Surprises :
· Yeah!
· It is.
· Yup!
· Sure.
· It’s true.
· I’m Serious.
· No. I’m not.
· Does it?
· It is, isn’t it?
The Example for the Dialogue :
Yohanes : Whose bicycle is that ?
Baistsyifa : It’s Norman’s
Yohanes : Are you kidding me ?
Baistsyifa : No, I’m not. I saw her riding that bicycle this afternoon.
B. Disbelief
Disbelief is a state of the mind in which one is fully persuaded that an opinion or assertion is not true.
To Express Disbelief
I don’t believe it.
It can’t be true.
I can’t think of it.
I don’t believe you.
I can’t believe this!
I didn’t know that.
Surprise is expressed in the face by the following features :
Eyebrows that are raised so they become curved ang high.
Stretched skin below the eyebrows.
Horizontal wrinkles across the forehead.
Open eyelids: the uupper lid is raised and the lower lid is drawn down, often exposing the white sclera above and below the iris.
Dropped jaw so that the lips and teeth are parted, with no tension around the mouth.
To express surprises :
· Wow! What a surprise!
· That’s a surprise!
· (Well), that’s very surprising!
· Really?
· What?
· Are you serious? You must be joking!
· You’re kidding!
· Fancy that!
How To Responds Surprises :
· Yeah!
· It is.
· Yup!
· Sure.
· It’s true.
· I’m Serious.
· No. I’m not.
· Does it?
· It is, isn’t it?
The Example for the Dialogue :
Yohanes : Whose bicycle is that ?
Baistsyifa : It’s Norman’s
Yohanes : Are you kidding me ?
Baistsyifa : No, I’m not. I saw her riding that bicycle this afternoon.
B. Disbelief
Disbelief is a state of the mind in which one is fully persuaded that an opinion or assertion is not true.
To Express Disbelief
I don’t believe it.
It can’t be true.
I can’t think of it.
I don’t believe you.
I can’t believe this!
I didn’t know that.
Gratitude, Compliment and Congratulation
Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people.
Kinds of gratitude expressions are :
Thank you very much
Thank you for helping me !
I’m really very grateful to you
I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
Respond of expressing :
You are welcome
Don't mention it
It was nothing at all
No problem
I am glad I could help
Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Example :
On his/her general appearance
If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
When you visit someone’s house for the first time
When other people do their best
Kinds of compliment expressions are :
What a nice dress!
You look great
I really must express my admiration for you dance
Excellent!
Nice work
Good Job
Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.
Kinds of Congratulations are :
Congratulation !!
Congratulations on your success.
Happy Birthday !!
Merry Christmas ...
Happy New Year !!
Happy Valentine !!
Happy Anniversary !!
A. Giving The Congratulation
Let me congratulate you
Good job. Conguratulation!
That’s great!
How fortunate
Pretty Good
B. How To Responds
Thank You
Thank, I needed that
That’s very kind of you
Kinds of gratitude expressions are :
Thank you very much
Thank you for helping me !
I’m really very grateful to you
I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
Respond of expressing :
You are welcome
Don't mention it
It was nothing at all
No problem
I am glad I could help
Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Example :
On his/her general appearance
If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
When you visit someone’s house for the first time
When other people do their best
Kinds of compliment expressions are :
What a nice dress!
You look great
I really must express my admiration for you dance
Excellent!
Nice work
Good Job
Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.
Kinds of Congratulations are :
Congratulation !!
Congratulations on your success.
Happy Birthday !!
Merry Christmas ...
Happy New Year !!
Happy Valentine !!
Happy Anniversary !!
A. Giving The Congratulation
Let me congratulate you
Good job. Conguratulation!
That’s great!
How fortunate
Pretty Good
B. How To Responds
Thank You
Thank, I needed that
That’s very kind of you
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