1. Could + Verb base
• To offer suggestions or possibilities
Example:
Jason : Oh, no! I left my shorts.
Nate : Don’t worry, Jason. You could borrow my shorts.
Mitchie : I’m having trouble with English.
Demi : Why don’t you ask Tess? Perhaps she could help you.
• To indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example:
Mitchie : Ras, can you climb the coconut tree?
Shane : Well… I could climb coconut tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.
Selena : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.
• To express polite requests
Example:
* Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
* Could you lend me your jacket now?
* Could you please close the door?
* Could you pass the salt?
2. Would + Verb base
• For an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example:
* When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
* On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.
• Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences
Example:
Troy : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Ryan : I would rather go to the party than stay home.
Gabriella : Which country would you rather visit?
Sharpay : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.
• To express polite requests
Example:
Nick : Would you mind cycling with me, Selena?
Selena : No, not at all. It would be nice.
Joey : Would you please pass the helmet, Mary?
Mary : No problem.
3. Should + Verb base
• To give definite advice (advisability)
Example:
Mom : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Mitchie : Joe : You should paint your door, Kevin. It looks terrible.
Kevin : Yes, I know I should.
• To express the subject’s obligation or duty:
Example:
* You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
* They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
* Application should be sent before March 25th.
4. Might + Verb base
• To tell possibilities
Example:
Nick : Where is Joe?
Kevin : He might be in the studio with Stella.
• To express polite requests
Example:
Demi : Might I borrow your coat?
Miley : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Hannah for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.
Selasa, 01 Mei 2012
Finite and Non-Finite Verbs
The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or number. Non-finite verb forms have no person or number, but some types can show tense.
• Finite verb forms include: I go, she goes, he went
• Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand on their own as complete sentences.
Example of finite verb :
• I study, she cook, Anto went
• Sidy has eaten when Rini come in. By it self, the verb form eaten is called a non-finite verb. When the auxiliary has and the non-finite verb eaten are put together, they make up a finite verb form has eaten.
• Tamara was walking. Walking is non-finite and was is to be. When they are put together, they make up finite form was walking
Definition of non-finite verb :
a verb has no subject, tense, or number. The only finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle (present/past), nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal , an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival particle to.
Example of nonfinite verb
Verbs ending in -ing. These are called present participles, they were cooking in Sinta’s house.
This non-finite verb form end in -ed; many also end in en. These are called past participles. I have written my letter ( the past participle written is non-finite and can’t be the main verb).
Talking is the children’s favorite pastime. ( talking is a gerund, verb to be noun)
I can’t afford to go out tonight
The infinitive can have the following forms:
The perfect infinitive
to have + past participle
For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.
For example:
• If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
• Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
• I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
• He pretended to have seen the film.
• If I’d seen the ball I would have caught it.
• Finite verb forms include: I go, she goes, he went
• Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand on their own as complete sentences.
Example of finite verb :
• I study, she cook, Anto went
• Sidy has eaten when Rini come in. By it self, the verb form eaten is called a non-finite verb. When the auxiliary has and the non-finite verb eaten are put together, they make up a finite verb form has eaten.
• Tamara was walking. Walking is non-finite and was is to be. When they are put together, they make up finite form was walking
Definition of non-finite verb :
a verb has no subject, tense, or number. The only finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle (present/past), nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal , an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival particle to.
Example of nonfinite verb
Verbs ending in -ing. These are called present participles, they were cooking in Sinta’s house.
This non-finite verb form end in -ed; many also end in en. These are called past participles. I have written my letter ( the past participle written is non-finite and can’t be the main verb).
Talking is the children’s favorite pastime. ( talking is a gerund, verb to be noun)
I can’t afford to go out tonight
The infinitive can have the following forms:
The perfect infinitive
to have + past participle
For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.
For example:
• If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
• Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
• I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
• He pretended to have seen the film.
• If I’d seen the ball I would have caught it.
Direct and Indirect Speed
A. Direct Speech
Direct speech referd to reproducing another person’s exact words o saying exactly what someone had said (sometimes called quated speech)
Here what a person says appers within quatation marks (‘’…’’) and should be word for word.
B. Indirect Speech
Indirect speech resroducing the idea of anather person’s word doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word foe word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.
TENSE CHANGE
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because whwn we use reported speech, we are usually talking about atime in the past (because pbviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have ro be in the past too.
• Note : reporting verbs that are usually used ti report imperative sentence are : tell, other command, ask, warn, remind.
Present Simple
Past tense
Direct : Iis said ‘’ I eat fried chicken’’.
Indirect : Iis said that she ate fried chicken.
Past Simple
Past Perfect
Direct : Mother said ‘’ I want to market yesterday’’
Indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future Simple
Past Future
Direct : Andre said ‘’ I will buy a notebook next week’’.
Indirect : Andre said (that) she would buy a notebokk the week after.
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Direct : Nadya said ‘’ I’m playing badminton ‘’
Indirect : Nadya said she was plating badminton.
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Direct : She said ‘’ I was teaching earlier’’
Indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier.
ECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH A. Direct Speech Direct speech referd to reproducing another person’s exact words o saying exactly what someone had said (sometimes called quated speech) Here what a person says appers within quatation marks (‘’…’’) and should be word for word. B. Indirect Speech Indirect speech resroducing the idea of anather person’s word doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word foe word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech. TENSE CHANGE • When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because whwn we use reported speech, we are usually talking about atime in the past (because pbviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have ro be in the past too. • Note : reporting verbs that are usually used ti report imperative sentence are : tell, other command, ask, warn, remind. Present Simple Past tense Direct : Iis said ‘’ I eat fried chicken’’. Indirect : Iis said that she ate fried chicken. Past Simple Past Perfect Direct : Mother said ‘’ I want to market yesterday’’ Indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before. Future Simple Past Future Direct : Dheppy said ‘’ I will buy a notebook next week’’. Indirect : Dheppy said (that) she would buy a notebokk the week after. Present Continuous Past Continuous Direct : Sinta said ‘’ I’m playing badminton ‘’ Indirect : Sinta said she was plating badminton. Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Direct : She said ‘’ I was teaching earlier’’ Indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier.
Direct speech referd to reproducing another person’s exact words o saying exactly what someone had said (sometimes called quated speech)
Here what a person says appers within quatation marks (‘’…’’) and should be word for word.
B. Indirect Speech
Indirect speech resroducing the idea of anather person’s word doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word foe word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.
TENSE CHANGE
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because whwn we use reported speech, we are usually talking about atime in the past (because pbviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have ro be in the past too.
• Note : reporting verbs that are usually used ti report imperative sentence are : tell, other command, ask, warn, remind.
Present Simple
Past tense
Direct : Iis said ‘’ I eat fried chicken’’.
Indirect : Iis said that she ate fried chicken.
Past Simple
Past Perfect
Direct : Mother said ‘’ I want to market yesterday’’
Indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future Simple
Past Future
Direct : Andre said ‘’ I will buy a notebook next week’’.
Indirect : Andre said (that) she would buy a notebokk the week after.
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Direct : Nadya said ‘’ I’m playing badminton ‘’
Indirect : Nadya said she was plating badminton.
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Direct : She said ‘’ I was teaching earlier’’
Indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier.
ECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH A. Direct Speech Direct speech referd to reproducing another person’s exact words o saying exactly what someone had said (sometimes called quated speech) Here what a person says appers within quatation marks (‘’…’’) and should be word for word. B. Indirect Speech Indirect speech resroducing the idea of anather person’s word doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word foe word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech. TENSE CHANGE • When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because whwn we use reported speech, we are usually talking about atime in the past (because pbviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have ro be in the past too. • Note : reporting verbs that are usually used ti report imperative sentence are : tell, other command, ask, warn, remind. Present Simple Past tense Direct : Iis said ‘’ I eat fried chicken’’. Indirect : Iis said that she ate fried chicken. Past Simple Past Perfect Direct : Mother said ‘’ I want to market yesterday’’ Indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before. Future Simple Past Future Direct : Dheppy said ‘’ I will buy a notebook next week’’. Indirect : Dheppy said (that) she would buy a notebokk the week after. Present Continuous Past Continuous Direct : Sinta said ‘’ I’m playing badminton ‘’ Indirect : Sinta said she was plating badminton. Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Direct : She said ‘’ I was teaching earlier’’ Indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier.
Noun Phrase
Definition :
A word group with a noun or pronoun as its head. The noun head can be accompanied by modifiers, determiners (such as the, a, her), and/or complements.
The Noun examples :
•Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
•Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
•Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
•Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
•Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship
The Functions of Nouns in Sentences :
1.Subject of the sentence
2.Predicate Noun (also Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement)
3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
4. Direct object of a verb
5. Indirect object of a verb
6. Object of the preposition
7. Object Complement (Objective Complement)
Kinds of noun phrases :
a. Noun + Noun, example : Office boy
b. Verb + Noun, example : Take a bath
c. Gerund + Noun, example : Throwing ball
d. Pronoun + Noun, example : My book
e. Adjective + Noun, example : Black board
f. Determiner + Noun, example : A pen
The noun phrases in English composed of 3 parts, there are :
a. Head : The most usual kind of head of a noun phrases.
b. Pre Modification : Consists of a number of word classes in a specific order.
c. Post Modification : Must commonly used not by specific word classes or subclasses.
Example 1 :
Inna : Do you like books ?
Artha : Yes, I like them.
Inna : Do you like books over there?
Artha : Yes, they are nice.
Inna : Do you like the book which I brought yesterday?
Artha : Yes, I like it.
Example 2 :
- Nicko was late
( Nicko is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb)
- Some noun phrase are short :
* The student
- Some are long :
* The very tall education consultant.
A word group with a noun or pronoun as its head. The noun head can be accompanied by modifiers, determiners (such as the, a, her), and/or complements.
The Noun examples :
•Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
•Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
•Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
•Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
•Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship
The Functions of Nouns in Sentences :
1.Subject of the sentence
2.Predicate Noun (also Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement)
3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
4. Direct object of a verb
5. Indirect object of a verb
6. Object of the preposition
7. Object Complement (Objective Complement)
Kinds of noun phrases :
a. Noun + Noun, example : Office boy
b. Verb + Noun, example : Take a bath
c. Gerund + Noun, example : Throwing ball
d. Pronoun + Noun, example : My book
e. Adjective + Noun, example : Black board
f. Determiner + Noun, example : A pen
The noun phrases in English composed of 3 parts, there are :
a. Head : The most usual kind of head of a noun phrases.
b. Pre Modification : Consists of a number of word classes in a specific order.
c. Post Modification : Must commonly used not by specific word classes or subclasses.
Example 1 :
Inna : Do you like books ?
Artha : Yes, I like them.
Inna : Do you like books over there?
Artha : Yes, they are nice.
Inna : Do you like the book which I brought yesterday?
Artha : Yes, I like it.
Example 2 :
- Nicko was late
( Nicko is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb)
- Some noun phrase are short :
* The student
- Some are long :
* The very tall education consultant.
Rabu, 18 April 2012
Descriptive Text
1. Definition
* Descriptive text is the text in written or spoken form which is including some description about something, such as particular person, animals, places/areas, etc.
2. Purpose
* To describe the significant information about a particular person, place or thing.
3. Generic Structure
* Identification: identifies phenomenon to be describe
* Description: describes part, qualities, characteristics
4. Significant Grammatical Features
* Focus on specific Participant
* Use of attributes and identifying Processes
* Frequent use of Epithets and Classifiers in nominal groups
* Use of simple present tens
Example Descriptive Text :
Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.
Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.
* Descriptive text is the text in written or spoken form which is including some description about something, such as particular person, animals, places/areas, etc.
2. Purpose
* To describe the significant information about a particular person, place or thing.
3. Generic Structure
* Identification: identifies phenomenon to be describe
* Description: describes part, qualities, characteristics
4. Significant Grammatical Features
* Focus on specific Participant
* Use of attributes and identifying Processes
* Frequent use of Epithets and Classifiers in nominal groups
* Use of simple present tens
Example Descriptive Text :
Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.
Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.
Introductory It
When the subject is an infinitive phrase, the sentence often begins with it. Instead of saying ‘To find fault with others is easy’, we say, ‘It is easy to find fault with others’. More examples are given below.
* It is easy to learn English. (More natural than ‘To learn English is easy’.)
* It was not easy to understand his motive.
* It may be advisable to consult a specialist.
* It could be dangerous to drive so fast.
* It was pleasant to sit on the beach.
However, when we want to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning especially if it is short.
* To err is human.
* To withdraw now will be sheer folly.
When the subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. Instead of saying ‘Your trying to deceive us is no good’, we may say ‘It is no good your trying to deceive us’.
* Will it be any good my talking to him about it?
* It is no use arguing with him.
* It won’t be much good complaining to the officer about it.
Note that the gerund can be changed into the infinitive.
* Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?
When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins with it. Instead of saying ‘That she was once a famous artist is true’, we may say, ‘It is true that she was once a famous artist’.
* It does not matter whether he comes or not. (= Whether he comes or not does not matter.)
* It is doubtful whether he can pay the dues. (= Whether he can pay the dues is doubtful.)
* It cannot be denied that the doctors did their best to save his life. (= That the doctors did their best to save his life cannot be denied.)
* It is easy to learn English. (More natural than ‘To learn English is easy’.)
* It was not easy to understand his motive.
* It may be advisable to consult a specialist.
* It could be dangerous to drive so fast.
* It was pleasant to sit on the beach.
However, when we want to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning especially if it is short.
* To err is human.
* To withdraw now will be sheer folly.
When the subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. Instead of saying ‘Your trying to deceive us is no good’, we may say ‘It is no good your trying to deceive us’.
* Will it be any good my talking to him about it?
* It is no use arguing with him.
* It won’t be much good complaining to the officer about it.
Note that the gerund can be changed into the infinitive.
* Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?
When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins with it. Instead of saying ‘That she was once a famous artist is true’, we may say, ‘It is true that she was once a famous artist’.
* It does not matter whether he comes or not. (= Whether he comes or not does not matter.)
* It is doubtful whether he can pay the dues. (= Whether he can pay the dues is doubtful.)
* It cannot be denied that the doctors did their best to save his life. (= That the doctors did their best to save his life cannot be denied.)
Invitation
Definition:
Invitation is an expression or offering that we used to invite someone.
Offering invitation
•Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?
•Will you join us?
•Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?
•Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?
•I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?
Accepting invitation
•Yes,I’d love very much.
•Thank you.
•Yes,with pleasure.
Refusing
•If you don’t mind,i’d rather not.
•Thank you,i’m busy,may be next time.
•I have got another appointment.
•I’m sorry.
•I’ve lost to work to do.
EXAMPLE :
Invitation Verbal
Example:
We want to invite you to come to our house
Can you come to my restaurant?
Are you free tonight?
Accepting :
I like that
That sounds good
Thank you for inviting
Refusing :
I like that but I can’t
I’m very sorry for not able to come
Sorry, I’m very busy
Example of Card :
Invitation is an expression or offering that we used to invite someone.
Offering invitation
•Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?
•Will you join us?
•Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?
•Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?
•I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?
Accepting invitation
•Yes,I’d love very much.
•Thank you.
•Yes,with pleasure.
Refusing
•If you don’t mind,i’d rather not.
•Thank you,i’m busy,may be next time.
•I have got another appointment.
•I’m sorry.
•I’ve lost to work to do.
EXAMPLE :
Invitation Verbal
Example:
We want to invite you to come to our house
Can you come to my restaurant?
Are you free tonight?
Accepting :
I like that
That sounds good
Thank you for inviting
Refusing :
I like that but I can’t
I’m very sorry for not able to come
Sorry, I’m very busy
Example of Card :
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